摘要:
本文针对我国重点流域水体，包括长江流域、黄河流域、太湖流域、松花江流域、黑龙江流域、东江流域、南水北调中线和东线等，分析了29种农药(18种有机氯农药、6种有机磷农药、3种三嗪类农药、1种酰胺类和1种取代杂环类农药)在流域地表水中浓度，并使用风险商的方法进行了生态风险评价。结果显示，在27个采样点地表水样中一共检出9种农药，包括α-六六六、α-氯丹、γ-氯丹、西玛津、阿特拉津、乙草胺、扑草净、敌敌畏和噁草酮。其中，阿特拉津、乙草胺、扑草净、噁草酮和敌敌畏的检出率分别为100.0%，74.1%，59.3%，37.0%和33.3%；α-六六六、α-氯丹、γ-氯丹和西玛津均只有1~2个采样点检出。阿特拉津在各采样点浓度范围为7.0 ng·L-1～1 289.5 ng·L-1；乙草胺浓度范围为未检出(ND)～579.9 ng·L-1；扑草净浓度范围为ND～104.2 ng·L-1；噁草酮浓度范围为ND～32.6 ng·L-1；敌敌畏的浓度范围为ND～204.5 ng·L-1。研究发现，阿特拉津在太湖流域、黑龙江流域和松花江流域具有潜在生态风险；乙草胺在松花江流域有潜在生态风险；噁草酮在长江流域、太湖流域、松花江流域和黑龙江流域有潜在生态风险；敌敌畏在长江流域、黄河流域和东江流域具有潜在生态风险。上述4种需要重点关注的水体污染物中，仅阿特拉津和敌敌畏被列入地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)，但都没有保护水生生物或保护水生态的标准。
关键词:
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农药
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地表水
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风险评价
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重点流域
Abstract:
This study aims at analyzing the concentrations of twenty-nine pesticides (including eighteen organochlorine pesticides, six organophosphorus pesticides, three triazine herbicides, one amide herbicide and one substituted heterocyclic herbicide) in surface water of major river basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Taihu Lake, Songhuajiang River, Heilongjiang River, Dongjiang River, and the east and middle route of south to north water transfer project. Surface water samples were analyzed with solid phase extraction-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method (SPE-GC/MS). Risk quotient (RQ) method was applied here to perform ecological risk assessment. The results showed that a total of 9 kinds of pesticides were detected in 27 sampling sites, including α-HCH, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, simazine, atrazine, acetochlor, prometryn, dichlorvos and oxadiazon. The detection rate of atrazine, acetochlor, prometryn, dichlorvos and oxadiazon were 100.0%, 74.1%, 59.3%, 37.0% and 33.3%, respectively; α-HCH, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane and simazine were only detected at 1-2 sampling sites. The concentration of atrazine ranged from 7.0 ng·L-1-1 289.5 ng·L-1; acetochlor was detected at concentration level from not detected (ND) to 579.9 ng; prometryn was detected from ND to 104.2 ng·L-1; oxadiazon was detected in the range of ND-32.6 ng·L-1; and the concentration of dichlorvos was from ND to 204.5 ng·L-1. It was found that atrazine posed a potential risk in Taihu Lake, Heilongjiang River and Songhuajiang River; acetochlor posed a potential risk in Songhuajiang River; oxadiazon posed a potential risk in Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, Heilongjiang River and Songhuajiang River; dichlorvos posed a potential risk in Yangtze River, Yellow River and Dongjiang River. Among the above-mentioned four pesticides, only atrazine and dichlorvos were listed in environmental quality standard for surface water (GB3838-2002), and there are no criterions of aquatic organism and ecology protection for these pesticides.
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