摘要:
为新烟碱类杀虫剂合理使用提供科学依据,本研究采用饲喂法和点滴法测定了9种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性效应,且根据风险商值法进行了风险评价,氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮作为对照药剂。试验结果表明:6种新烟碱类杀虫剂(噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、氟啶虫胺腈和噻虫嗪)对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为1.73×10-3 (1.37×10-3~2.45×10-3) ~35.3×10-2 (30.5×10-2~41.4×10-2) μg·蜂-1,均属于高毒级;其次为氯噻啉,该药剂对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为56.4×10-2 (40.9×10-2~95.5×10-2)和2.05(1.13~3.18) μg·蜂-1,分别为高毒和中毒;而啶虫脒和噻虫啉对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为2.57 (1.94~3.75)~ 9.85(8.23~11.6) μg·蜂-1,为中毒级。对照药剂氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值均>100 μg·蜂-1,为低毒级。风险评价结果表明:噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、氯噻啉、烯啶虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈对蜜蜂具有不可接受的风险,啶虫脒、噻虫啉和对照药剂氟啶虫酰胺、吡蚜酮对蜜蜂的风险可接受。因此,在害虫综合治理中,应谨慎使用新烟碱类杀虫剂,以免对蜜蜂产生严重的毒副作用。
Abstract:
To establish a scientific basis for the rational use of neonicotinoid insecticides, the acute toxicities of nine neonicotinoid insecticides to honeybees were determined by feeding and dripping methods, and the risk assessment was also performed according to the risk quotient method. Flonicamid and pymetrozine were used as reference substances. Results from 48-h oral and contact toxicities indicated that six neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, sulfoxaflor and thiamethoxam) were highly toxic to honeybees with LD50 values ranging from 1.73×10-3 (1.37×10-3-2.45×10-3) to 35.3×10-2 (30.5×10-2-41.4×10-2) μg·bee-1, followed by imidaclothiz that were highly and moderately toxic to honeybees with LD50 values of 56.4×10-2 (40.9×10-2-95.5×10-2) and 2.05 (1.13-3.18) μg·bee-1, while acetamiprid and thiacloprid were moderately toxic to honeybees with LD50 values ranging from 2.57 (1.94-3.75) to 9.85 (8.23-11.6) μg·bee-1. In contrast, the reference pesticides flonicamid and pymetrozine exhibited low toxicity to the insects with LD50 values > 100 μg·bee-1. Results of risk assessment showed that clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, imidaclothiz, nitenpyram and sulfoxaflor were classified with unacceptable risk, while acetamiprid, thiacloprid and reference substances (flonicamid and pymetrozine) were classified as acceptable risk to honeybees. Therefore, the use of neonicotinoids, should be carefully evaluated by integrated pest management (IPM) programs in order to avoid serious damages to honeybees.