摘要:
近年来,随着我国核电事业迅猛发展,海洋放射性污染的风险激增,放射物质的事故性污染将成为海洋环境一个重要问题。目前,海洋环境放射性污染风险评估的研究仍然较为薄弱,开展海洋放射性污染生态风险评价有助于了解事故对海洋生态的危害程度,为海洋与海岸带环境管理提供科学决策依据,维护海洋生态系统的健康与安全。梳理总结当前国内外海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的相关研究进展,结果表明:目前国内外对海洋放射性污染生态风险评价尚未做出科学的定义;现有海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的技术路线大体可归纳为基于经典风险评估框架和基于迭代的生态风险评价框架2种类型;ERICA Tool模型以及RESRAD-BIOTA模型是目前放射性风险评价中应用最多的方法,但存在海洋放射性污染标准限值少的问题;现有的研究主要集中于评估事故中后期均衡条件下的长期慢性暴露评价,对事故初期的高剂量、短期急性暴露的风险影响研究较少;我国海洋放射性污染的生态风险评价与环境影响评价的概念混淆,至今没有明确的海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的概念及技术框架。
Abstract:
The ecological risk assessment (ERA) of marine radioactive pollution (MRP) is a powerful technical and analytical tool for analyzing the possibility of causing the risk and harmful effects on organisms, populations and communities by radioactive pollution in marine environment. With the rapid development of nuclear power plants in the coastal areas of China, the accidents of radioactive pollution become a significant issue for marine and coastal environmental management. The ERA approaches and methodology for MRP are in urgent demand for marine environmental management. In this paper, the grading standards and its corresponding probability of nuclear accidents, the progress of ERA approaches and methods for MRP are reviewed. The issues and gaps of the ERA for MRP are identified. The results show that: scientific definition for ERA of MRP is still missing; the research of ERA for MRP is still under development; and the approaches for ERA of MRP can be concluded into two types, i.e., classic ERA and iterated ERA; the ERICA Tool model and RESRAD-BIOTA model are the most popular methods for ERA of MRP, but standards and criteria for ERA of MRP are very limited; most researches focused on the long-term and chronic exposure risks, and only a few of them studied the acute exposure risks after accidents; in China, ERA and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for MRP are not clearly distinguished, and its concept and approach are still in lack.
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